背景：机器学习（ML）系统依靠数据来做出预测，与传统软件系统（例如数据处理管道，服务管道和模型培训）相比，该系统具有许多添加的组件。现有关于软件维护的研究研究了针对不同类型的问题（例如绩效和安全问题）的问题报告需求和解决过程。但是，ML系统具有特定的故障类别，报告ML问题需要特定于域的信息。由于ML和传统软件工程系统之间的特征不同，我们不知道报告需求在多大程度上不同，并且这些差异在多大程度上影响了问题解决过程。目的：我们的目标是调查ML和非ML问题之间分辨率时间的分布以及某些ML问题的分配时间是否存在差异。我们进一步研究了ML问题和非ML问题的修复大小。方法：我们在GitHub的最新活动应用ML项目中提取问题报告，提取请求和代码文件，并使用自动方法过滤ML和非ML问题。我们使用已知的深度学习错误分类法手动标记这些问题。我们测量了受控样本上ML和非ML问题的解决方案的分辨率时间和大小，并比较每个类别的分布。

Pareto Front Learning (PFL) was recently introduced as an effective approach to obtain a mapping function from a given trade-off vector to a solution on the Pareto front, which solves the multi-objective optimization (MOO) problem. Due to the inherent trade-off between conflicting objectives, PFL offers a flexible approach in many scenarios in which the decision makers can not specify the preference of one Pareto solution over another, and must switch between them depending on the situation. However, existing PFL methods ignore the relationship between the solutions during the optimization process, which hinders the quality of the obtained front. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel PFL framework namely \ourmodel, which employs a hypernetwork to generate multiple solutions from a set of diverse trade-off preferences and enhance the quality of the Pareto front by maximizing the Hypervolume indicator defined by these solutions. The experimental results on several MOO machine learning tasks show that the proposed framework significantly outperforms the baselines in producing the trade-off Pareto front.

成功的人工智能系统通常需要大量标记的数据来从文档图像中提取信息。在本文中，我们研究了改善人工智能系统在理解文档图像中的性能的问题，尤其是在培训数据受到限制的情况下。我们通过使用加强学习提出一种新颖的填充方法来解决问题。我们的方法将信息提取模型视为策略网络，并使用策略梯度培训来更新模型，以最大程度地提高补充传统跨凝结损失的综合奖励功能。我们使用标签和专家反馈在四个数据集上进行的实验表明，我们的填充机制始终提高最先进的信息提取器的性能，尤其是在小型培训数据制度中。

引入了模型对帐问题（MRP），以解决可解释的AI计划中的问题。 MRP的解决方案是对人与计划代理（机器人）模型之间差异的解释。解决MRP的大多数方法都认为，需要提供解释的机器人知道人类模型。在几种情况下，这个假设并不总是现实的（例如，人可能会决定更新她的模型，并且机器人不知道更新）。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于对话的方法，用于计算MRP的解释，即（i）机器人不知道人类模型； （ii）人类和机器人共享计划域的谓词及其交换是关于行动描述和流利的价值； （iii）双方之间的沟通是完美的； （iv）各方是真实的。 MRP解决方案是通过对话框计算的，该对话框定义为机器人和人之间的一系列交换序列。在每回合中，机器人向人类发送了一个潜在的解释，称为提案，她对提案的评估回答称为回应。我们开发了用于计算机器人和人类响应的算法，并将这些算法实现在将命令式手段与使用Clingo的多拍功能的答案集编程相结合的系统中。

We present $\textbf{MolT5}$ $-$ a self-supervised learning framework for pretraining models on a vast amount of unlabeled natural language text and molecule strings. $\textbf{MolT5}$ allows for new, useful, and challenging analogs of traditional vision-language tasks, such as molecule captioning and text-based de novo molecule generation (altogether: translation between molecules and language), which we explore for the first time. Since $\textbf{MolT5}$ pretrains models on single-modal data, it helps overcome the chemistry domain shortcoming of data scarcity. Furthermore, we consider several metrics, including a new cross-modal embedding-based metric, to evaluate the tasks of molecule captioning and text-based molecule generation. Our results show that $\textbf{MolT5}$-based models are able to generate outputs, both molecules and captions, which in many cases are high quality.

Federated learning (FL) is a decentralized and privacy-preserving machine learning technique in which a group of clients collaborate with a server to learn a global model without sharing clients' data. One challenge associated with FL is statistical diversity among clients, which restricts the global model from delivering good performance on each client's task. To address this, we propose an algorithm for personalized FL (pFedMe) using Moreau envelopes as clients' regularized loss functions, which help decouple personalized model optimization from the global model learning in a bi-level problem stylized for personalized FL. Theoretically, we show that pFedMe's convergence rate is state-of-the-art: achieving quadratic speedup for strongly convex and sublinear speedup of order 2/3 for smooth nonconvex objectives. Experimentally, we verify that pFedMe excels at empirical performance compared with the vanilla FedAvg and Per-FedAvg, a meta-learning based personalized FL algorithm.

With the fast development of big data, it has been easier than before to learn the optimal decision rule by updating the decision rule recursively and making online decisions. We study the online statistical inference of model parameters in a contextual bandit framework of sequential decision-making. We propose a general framework for online and adaptive data collection environment that can update decision rules via weighted stochastic gradient descent. We allow different weighting schemes of the stochastic gradient and establish the asymptotic normality of the parameter estimator. Our proposed estimator significantly improves the asymptotic efficiency over the previous averaged SGD approach via inverse probability weights. We also conduct an optimality analysis on the weights in a linear regression setting. We provide a Bahadur representation of the proposed estimator and show that the remainder term in the Bahadur representation entails a slower convergence rate compared to classical SGD due to the adaptive data collection.

Despite their widespread adoption, neural conversation models have yet to exhibit natural chat capabilities with humans. In this research, we examine user utterances as causes and generated responses as effects, recognizing that changes in a cause should produce a different effect. To further explore this concept, we have compiled and expanded upon a new dataset called CausalDialogue through crowd-sourcing. This dataset includes multiple cause-effect pairs within a directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure. Our analysis reveals that traditional loss functions can struggle to effectively incorporate the DAG structure, leading us to propose a causality-enhanced method called Exponential Maximum Average Treatment Effect (ExMATE) to enhance the impact of causality at the utterance level in training neural conversation models. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, we have built a comprehensive benchmark using the CausalDialogue dataset leveraging large-scale pre-trained language models, and have assessed the results through both human and automatic evaluation metrics for coherence, diversity, and agility. Our findings show that current techniques are still unable to effectively address conversational DAGs, and that the ExMATE method can improve the diversity and agility of conventional loss functions while maintaining coherence.

Model counting is a fundamental problem which has been influential in many applications, from artificial intelligence to formal verification. Due to the intrinsic hardness of model counting, approximate techniques have been developed to solve real-world instances of model counting. This paper designs a new anytime approach called PartialKC for approximate model counting. The idea is a form of partial knowledge compilation to provide an unbiased estimate of the model count which can converge to the exact count. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that PartialKC achieves significant scalability and accuracy over prior state-of-the-art approximate counters, including satss and STS. Interestingly, the empirical results show that PartialKC reaches convergence for many instances and therefore provides exact model counting performance comparable to state-of-the-art exact counters.

Robots are traditionally bounded by a fixed embodiment during their operational lifetime, which limits their ability to adapt to their surroundings. Co-optimizing control and morphology of a robot, however, is often inefficient due to the complex interplay between the controller and morphology. In this paper, we propose a learning-based control method that can inherently take morphology into consideration such that once the control policy is trained in the simulator, it can be easily deployed to robots with different embodiments in the real world. In particular, we present the Embodiment-aware Transformer (EAT), an architecture that casts this control problem as conditional sequence modeling. EAT outputs the optimal actions by leveraging a causally masked Transformer. By conditioning an autoregressive model on the desired robot embodiment, past states, and actions, our EAT model can generate future actions that best fit the current robot embodiment. Experimental results show that EAT can outperform all other alternatives in embodiment-varying tasks, and succeed in an example of real-world evolution tasks: stepping down a stair through updating the morphology alone. We hope that EAT will inspire a new push toward real-world evolution across many domains, where algorithms like EAT can blaze a trail by bridging the field of evolutionary robotics and big data sequence modeling.